Benchmarking wolfSSL and wolfCrypt

Many users are curious about how the wolfSSL embedded SSL/TLS library will perform on a specific hardware device or in a specific environment. Because of the wide variety of different platforms and compilers used today in embedded, enterprise, and cloud-based environments, it is hard to give generic performance calculations.

To help wolfSSL users and customers in determining performance for wolfSSL and wolfCrypt, a benchmark application is bundled with wolfSSL. Because the underlying cryptography is a very performance-critical aspect of SSL/TLS, our benchmark application runs performance tests on wolfCrypt’s algorithms.

The benchmark utility is located in the “./wolfcrypt/benchmark” directory of the wolfSSL package. After building wolfSSL and the associated examples and apps, the benchmark application can be run by issuing the following command from the package directory root:

./wolfcrypt/benchmark/benchmark

Typical output will look similar to the output below (showing throughput in MB/s as well as cycles per byte):

wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1048576, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                100 MB took 1.047 seconds,   95.466 MB/s Cycles per byte =  22.92
AES-128-CBC-enc    200 MB took 1.020 seconds,  196.027 MB/s Cycles per byte =  11.16
AES-128-CBC-dec    215 MB took 1.008 seconds,  213.318 MB/s Cycles per byte =  10.26
AES-192-CBC-enc    175 MB took 1.016 seconds,  172.265 MB/s Cycles per byte =  12.70
AES-192-CBC-dec    180 MB took 1.009 seconds,  178.405 MB/s Cycles per byte =  12.27
AES-256-CBC-enc    150 MB took 1.007 seconds,  148.932 MB/s Cycles per byte =  14.69
AES-256-CBC-dec    160 MB took 1.026 seconds,  155.994 MB/s Cycles per byte =  14.03
AES-128-GCM-enc     60 MB took 1.010 seconds,   59.427 MB/s Cycles per byte =  36.82
AES-128-GCM-dec     65 MB took 1.070 seconds,   60.750 MB/s Cycles per byte =  36.02
AES-192-GCM-enc     60 MB took 1.050 seconds,   57.138 MB/s Cycles per byte =  38.30
AES-192-GCM-dec     60 MB took 1.024 seconds,   58.590 MB/s Cycles per byte =  37.35
AES-256-GCM-enc     55 MB took 1.029 seconds,   53.438 MB/s Cycles per byte =  40.95
AES-256-GCM-dec     60 MB took 1.090 seconds,   55.069 MB/s Cycles per byte =  39.74
CHACHA             360 MB took 1.001 seconds,  359.628 MB/s Cycles per byte =   6.09
CHA-POLY           285 MB took 1.014 seconds,  280.943 MB/s Cycles per byte =   7.79
MD5                450 MB took 1.010 seconds,  445.573 MB/s Cycles per byte =   4.91
POLY1305          1265 MB took 1.000 seconds, 1264.402 MB/s Cycles per byte =   1.73
SHA                475 MB took 1.000 seconds,  474.914 MB/s Cycles per byte =   4.61
SHA-224            210 MB took 1.018 seconds,  206.308 MB/s Cycles per byte =  10.61
SHA-256            210 MB took 1.018 seconds,  206.200 MB/s Cycles per byte =  10.61
SHA-384            280 MB took 1.016 seconds,  275.520 MB/s Cycles per byte =   7.94
SHA-512            275 MB took 1.000 seconds,  274.868 MB/s Cycles per byte =   7.96
SHA3-224           240 MB took 1.006 seconds,  238.506 MB/s Cycles per byte =   9.18
SHA3-256           225 MB took 1.007 seconds,  223.454 MB/s Cycles per byte =   9.79
SHA3-384           175 MB took 1.002 seconds,  174.610 MB/s Cycles per byte =  12.53
SHA3-512           125 MB took 1.031 seconds,  121.254 MB/s Cycles per byte =  18.05
HMAC-MD5           445 MB took 1.001 seconds,  444.651 MB/s Cycles per byte =   4.92
HMAC-SHA           470 MB took 1.009 seconds,  465.749 MB/s Cycles per byte =   4.70
HMAC-SHA224        200 MB took 1.001 seconds,  199.874 MB/s Cycles per byte =  10.95
HMAC-SHA256        205 MB took 1.004 seconds,  204.228 MB/s Cycles per byte =  10.72
HMAC-SHA384        290 MB took 1.009 seconds,  287.401 MB/s Cycles per byte =   7.61
HMAC-SHA512        290 MB took 1.013 seconds,  286.214 MB/s Cycles per byte =   7.65
RSA   2048 public       2800 ops took 1.014 sec, avg 0.362 ms, 2761.995 ops/sec
RSA   2048 private       300 ops took 1.308 sec, avg 4.359 ms, 229.402 ops/sec
DH    2048 key gen       735 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 1.361 ms, 734.608 ops/sec
DH    2048 key agree     800 ops took 1.123 sec, avg 1.404 ms, 712.131 ops/sec
ECC    256 key gen      1108 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.903 ms, 1107.306 ops/sec
ECDHE  256 agree        1200 ops took 1.043 sec, avg 0.869 ms, 1150.329 ops/sec
ECDSA  256 sign         1200 ops took 1.078 sec, avg 0.898 ms, 1113.279 ops/sec
ECDSA  256 verify       1700 ops took 1.045 sec, avg 0.615 ms, 1627.064 ops/sec

This application is especially useful for comparing the public key speed before and after changing the math library. You can test the results using the normal math library (./configure), the fastmath library (./configure –enable-fastmath), the fasthugemath library (./configure –enable-fasthugemath), and the sp-math-all library (./configure –enable-sp-math-all).

Note: By default the reported units scale based on the value of each benchmark. To force consistent, fixed units for all reported values build the application defining WOLFSSL_BENCHMARK_FIXED_UNITS_XX, where XX is GB, MB, KB, or B (ytes). For example, ./configure CFLAGS=”-DWOLFSSL_BENCHMARK_FIXED_UNITS_MB” displays all values in MB.

Footprint sizes (compiled binary size) for wolfSSL range between 20-100kB depending on build options and the compiler being used. Typically on an embedded system with an embedded and optimized compiler, build sizes will be around 60kB. This will include a full-featured TLS 1.2 client and server. For details on build options and ways to further customize wolfSSL, please see Chapter 2 of the CyaSSL Manual, or the wolfSSL Tuning Guide.

Regarding runtime memory usage, wolfSSL will generally consume between 1-36 kB per SSL/TLS session. The RAM usage per connection will vary depending the size of the input/output buffers being used, public key algorithm, and key size. The I/O buffers in wolfSSL default to 128 bytes and are controlled by the RECORD_SIZE define in ./wolfssl/internal.h. The maximum size is 16 kB per buffer (as specified by the SSL/TLS RFC). As an example, with standard 16kB buffers, the total runtime memory usage of wolfSSL with a single connection would be 3kB (the library) + 16kB (input buffer) + 16kB (output buffer) = around 35kB.

The TLS context (WOLFSSL_CTX) is shared between all TLS connections of either a client or server. The runtime memory usage can vary depending on how many certificates are being loaded and what size the certificate files are. It will also vary depending on the session cache and whether or not storing session certificates is turned on (–enable-session-certs). If you are concerned with reducing the session cache size, you can define SMALL_SESSION_CACHE (reduce the default session cache from 33 session to 6 sessions) and save almost 2.5 kB. You can disable the session cache by defining NO_SESSION_CACHE, reducing memory by nearly 3 kB.

As we port wolfSSL to various platforms, we oftentimes conduct benchmarks on these platforms. Below you will find a collection of some of those benchmarks for reference. If you have benchmarked wolfSSL on a specific platform, please send us your benchmark numbers (with specific platform and library configuration) and we’ll add them to the list!

The following benchmarks show the performance improvement when using the wolfSSL Java JSSE Provider versus the default SunJSSE provider.

Client and Configuration	Avg. Connection Time
wolfSSL C only (no Java, software)	9.694 ms
wolfSSL C only (no Java, intelasm + sp + sp-asm)	7.302 ms
wolfJSSE Client (software only)	10.92 ms
wolfJSSE Client (sp + intelasm)	8.42 ms
wolfJSSE Client (TLS 1.3 sp + intelasm)	8.04 ms
SunJSSE Provider client (default on Mac)	13.34 ms

More information on using the wolfSSL JSSE Provider can be found in the User Manual.

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The benchmark values were collected with a clock speed of 320MHz. Configuration includes 4608 bytes for the stack and 2048 bytes for the heap.

wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                250 KB took 1.098 seconds,  227.714 KB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc     50 KB took 1.132 seconds,   44.175 KB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec     50 KB took 1.142 seconds,   43.778 KB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc     50 KB took 1.250 seconds,   40.007 KB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec     50 KB took 1.260 seconds,   39.677 KB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc     50 KB took 1.368 seconds,   36.552 KB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec     50 KB took 1.378 seconds,   36.279 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc     25 KB took 1.225 seconds,   20.412 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec     25 KB took 1.225 seconds,   20.402 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc     25 KB took 1.290 seconds,   19.373 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec     25 KB took 1.291 seconds,   19.366 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc     25 KB took 1.352 seconds,   18.487 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec     25 KB took 1.353 seconds,   18.478 KB/s
CHACHA               1 MB took 1.006 seconds,    1.020 MB/s
CHA-POLY           700 KB took 1.032 seconds,  678.045 KB/s
POLY1305             2 MB took 1.007 seconds,    2.255 MB/s
SHA                  2 MB took 1.002 seconds,    1.511 MB/s
SHA-256            525 KB took 1.011 seconds,  519.279 KB/s
SHA-512            275 KB took 1.017 seconds,  270.477 KB/s
HMAC-SHA             1 MB took 1.013 seconds,    1.399 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256        525 KB took 1.019 seconds,  515.020 KB/s
HMAC-SHA512        275 KB took 1.032 seconds,  266.351 KB/s
ECC      256 key gen         2 ops took 1.104 sec, avg 551.834 ms, 1.812 ops/sec
ECDHE    256 agree           2 ops took 1.101 sec, avg 550.400 ms, 1.817 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 sign            2 ops took 1.173 sec, avg 586.502 ms, 1.705 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 verify          2 ops took 2.153 sec, avg 1076.294 ms, 0.929 ops/sec
CURVE  25519 key gen         2 ops took 1.629 sec, avg 814.423 ms, 1.228 ops/sec
CURVE  25519 agree           2 ops took 1.626 sec, avg 813.156 ms, 1.230 ops/sec
ED     25519 key gen         1 ops took 1.436 sec, avg 1436.096 ms, 0.696 ops/sec
ED     25519 sign            2 ops took 2.913 sec, avg 1456.421 ms, 0.687 ops/sec
ED     25519 verify          2 ops took 5.012 sec, avg 2506.012 ms, 0.399 ops/sec

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The following benchmarks show the performance improvement when using hardware cryptography on the Renesas RX65N through the Renesas TSIP driver.

With H/W accelerator(with TSIP)
wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                  2 MB took 1.001 seconds, 1.928 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc      3 MB took 1.005 seconds, 2.818 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec      3 MB took 1.002 seconds, 2.631 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc      3 MB took 1.001 seconds, 2.779 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec      3 MB took 1.002 seconds, 2.680 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc      3 MB took 1.007 seconds, 2.740 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec      3 MB took 1.005 seconds, 2.647 MB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc      3 MB took 1.002 seconds, 2.679 MB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec      3 MB took 1.005 seconds, 2.649 MB/s
ARC4                 3 MB took 1.001 seconds, 3.440 MB/s
RABBIT               4 MB took 1.004 seconds, 3.987 MB/s
3DES               200 KB took 1.053 seconds, 189.988 KB/s
MD5                  6 MB took 1.004 seconds, 5.790 MB/s
SHA                 23 MB took 1.001 seconds, 23.104 MB/s
SHA-256             26 MB took 1.000 seconds, 25.974 MB/s
SHA-512            275 KB took 1.063 seconds, 258.702 KB/s
HMAC-MD5             6 MB took 1.003 seconds, 5.722 MB/s
HMAC-SHA            22 MB took 1.001 seconds, 22.321 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256         25 MB took 1.000 seconds, 24.995 MB/s
HMAC-SHA512        275 KB took 1.079 seconds, 254.795 KB/s
PBKDF2          672 bytes took 1.005 seconds, 668.790 bytes/s
RSA 2048 public             12 ops took 1.015 sec, avg 84.608 ms, 11.819 ops/sec
RSA 2048 private             2 ops took 2.388 sec, avg 1194.200 ms, 0.837 ops/sec
DH 2048 key gen              4 ops took 1.268 sec, avg 316.900 ms, 3.156 ops/sec
DH 2048 agree                4 ops took 1.652 sec, avg 412.950 ms, 2.422 ops/sec
ECC 256 key gen              3 ops took 1.061 sec, avg 353.667 ms, 2.828 ops/sec
ECDHE 256 agree              4 ops took 1.407 sec, avg 351.725 ms, 2.843 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 sign               4 ops took 1.476 sec, avg 369.050 ms, 2.710 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 verify             2 ops took 1.451 sec, avg 725.450 ms, 1.378 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 key gen          3 ops took 1.412 sec, avg 470.500 ms, 2.125 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 agree            4 ops took 1.882 sec, avg 470.475 ms, 2.126 ops/sec
ED 25519 key gen            92 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 10.878 ms, 91.926 ops/sec
ED 25519 sign               64 ops took 1.007 sec, avg 15.733 ms, 63.561 ops/sec
ED 25519 verify             30 ops took 1.027 sec, avg 34.220 ms, 29.223 ops/sec

S/W only(without TSIP)
wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                325 KB took 1.003 seconds, 323.899 KB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc    675 KB took 1.003 seconds, 672.780 KB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec    650 KB took 1.011 seconds, 643.182 KB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc    625 KB took 1.022 seconds, 611.426 KB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec    600 KB took 1.027 seconds, 584.511 KB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc    575 KB took 1.026 seconds, 560.320 KB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec    550 KB took 1.027 seconds, 535.749 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc    275 KB took 1.053 seconds, 261.258 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec    275 KB took 1.053 seconds, 261.258 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc    275 KB took 1.094 seconds, 251.348 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec    275 KB took 1.094 seconds, 251.279 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc    250 KB took 1.035 seconds, 241.569 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec    250 KB took 1.033 seconds, 242.084 KB/s
ARC4                 3 MB took 1.001 seconds, 3.439 MB/s
RABBIT               4 MB took 1.000 seconds, 3.906 MB/s
3DES               200 KB took 1.086 seconds, 184.179 KB/s
MD5                  6 MB took 1.000 seconds, 5.784 MB/s
SHA                  2 MB took 1.006 seconds, 1.893 MB/s
SHA-256            750 KB took 1.023 seconds, 733.138 KB/s
SHA-512            275 KB took 1.029 seconds, 267.198 KB/s
HMAC-MD5             6 MB took 1.004 seconds, 5.715 MB/s
HMAC-SHA             2 MB took 1.002 seconds, 1.877 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256        750 KB took 1.032 seconds, 726.956 KB/s
HMAC-SHA512        275 KB took 1.045 seconds, 263.133 KB/s
PBKDF2           96 bytes took 1.054 seconds, 91.056 bytes/s
RSA 2048 public             12 ops took 1.024 sec, avg 85.292 ms, 11.724 ops/sec
RSA 2048 private             2 ops took 2.388 sec, avg 1193.750 ms, 0.838 ops/sec
DH 2048 key gen              4 ops took 1.265 sec, avg 316.275 ms, 3.162 ops/sec
DH 2048 agree                4 ops took 1.644 sec, avg 410.950 ms, 2.433 ops/sec
ECC 256 key gen              3 ops took 1.064 sec, avg 354.667 ms, 2.820 ops/sec
ECDHE 256 agree              4 ops took 1.435 sec, avg 358.725 ms, 2.788 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 sign               4 ops took 1.498 sec, avg 374.425 ms, 2.671 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 verify             2 ops took 1.437 sec, avg 718.300 ms, 1.392 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 key gen          2 ops took 1.005 sec, avg 502.350 ms, 1.991 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 agree            2 ops took 1.004 sec, avg 502.100 ms, 1.992 ops/sec
ED 25519 key gen            91 ops took 1.008 sec, avg 11.076 ms, 90.287 ops/sec
ED 25519 sign               66 ops took 1.026 sec, avg 15.538 ms, 64.359 ops/sec
ED 25519 verify             30 ops took 1.023 sec, avg 34.090 ms, 29.334 ops/sec

Algorithm	Software Crypto	TSIP Accelerated Crypto
RNG	231.160 KB/s	1.423 MB/s
SHA	1.239 MB/s	22.254 MB/s
SHA-256	515.565 KB/s	25.217 MB/s

Cipher Suite	Software Crypto (sec)	TSIP Accelerated Crypto (sec)
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA	0.381	0.028
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256	0.383	0.028
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA	0.382	0.030
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256	0.385	0.029

More information on using wolfSSL in combination with Renesas and wolfSSL’s support for Renesas can be found here: https://www.wolfssl.com/docs/renesas/

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With H/W accelerator(with TSIP)
wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                  4 MB took 1.004 seconds, 3.818 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc      5 MB took 1.001 seconds, 4.852 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec      5 MB took 1.004 seconds, 4.692 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc      5 MB took 1.000 seconds, 4.688 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec      5 MB took 1.002 seconds, 4.534 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc      4 MB took 1.005 seconds, 4.348 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec      4 MB took 1.001 seconds, 4.292 MB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc      4 MB took 1.004 seconds, 4.257 MB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec      4 MB took 1.004 seconds, 4.206 MB/s
ARC4                 7 MB took 1.001 seconds, 7.120 MB/s
RABBIT               9 MB took 1.000 seconds, 9.155 MB/s
3DES               525 KB took 1.035 seconds, 507.050 KB/s
MD5                 15 MB took 1.001 seconds, 14.998 MB/s
SHA                 30 MB took 1.001 seconds, 30.084 MB/s
SHA-256             35 MB took 1.000 seconds, 34.588 MB/s
SHA-512            750 KB took 1.001 seconds, 749.475 KB/s
HMAC-MD5            15 MB took 1.000 seconds, 14.844 MB/s
HMAC-SHA            29 MB took 1.000 seconds, 29.440 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256         34 MB took 1.000 seconds, 33.709 MB/s
HMAC-SHA512        750 KB took 1.016 seconds, 738.334 KB/s
PBKDF2               1 KB took 1.025 seconds, 1.219 KB/s
RSA 2048 public             26 ops took 1.020 sec, avg 39.212 ms, 25.503 ops/sec
RSA 2048 private             2 ops took 1.101 sec, avg 550.250 ms, 1.817 ops/sec
DH 2048 key gen              7 ops took 1.037 sec, avg 148.114 ms, 6.752 ops/sec
DH 2048 agree                6 ops took 1.184 sec, avg 197.250 ms, 5.070 ops/sec
ECC 256 key gen              7 ops took 1.069 sec, avg 152.743 ms, 6.547 ops/sec
ECDHE 256 agree              8 ops took 1.231 sec, avg 153.825 ms, 6.501 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 sign               8 ops took 1.271 sec, avg 158.825 ms, 6.296 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 verify             4 ops took 1.242 sec, avg 310.475 ms, 3.221 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 key gen          5 ops took 1.055 sec, avg 211.080 ms, 4.738 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 agree            6 ops took 1.266 sec, avg 211.050 ms, 4.738 ops/sec
ED 25519 key gen           208 ops took 1.004 sec, avg 4.828 ms, 207.109 ops/sec
ED 25519 sign              154 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 6.502 ms, 153.800 ops/sec
ED 25519 verify             66 ops took 1.016 sec, avg 15.400 ms, 64.935 ops/sec


S/W only(without TSIP)
wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                850 KB took 1.020 seconds, 833.578 KB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc      2 MB took 1.006 seconds, 1.626 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec      2 MB took 1.001 seconds, 1.537 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc      2 MB took 1.013 seconds, 1.494 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.003 seconds, 1.412 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc      1 MB took 1.007 seconds, 1.382 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.008 seconds, 1.308 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc    750 KB took 1.001 seconds, 749.026 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec    750 KB took 1.002 seconds, 748.503 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc    725 KB took 1.007 seconds, 719.817 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec    725 KB took 1.008 seconds, 719.317 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc    700 KB took 1.010 seconds, 693.001 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec    700 KB took 1.011 seconds, 692.589 KB/s
ARC4                 7 MB took 1.001 seconds, 7.120 MB/s
RABBIT               9 MB took 1.000 seconds, 9.154 MB/s
3DES               525 KB took 1.034 seconds, 507.835 KB/s
MD5                 15 MB took 1.000 seconds, 14.990 MB/s
SHA                  6 MB took 1.003 seconds, 5.574 MB/s
SHA-256              2 MB took 1.002 seconds, 1.827 MB/s
SHA-512            750 KB took 1.009 seconds, 743.089 KB/s
HMAC-MD5            15 MB took 1.000 seconds, 14.838 MB/s
HMAC-SHA             6 MB took 1.003 seconds, 5.527 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256          2 MB took 1.010 seconds, 1.812 MB/s
HMAC-SHA512        750 KB took 1.025 seconds, 732.064 KB/s
PBKDF2          256 bytes took 1.096 seconds, 233.619 bytes/s
RSA 2048 public             26 ops took 1.027 sec, avg 39.488 ms, 25.324 ops/sec
RSA 2048 private             2 ops took 1.104 sec, avg 551.800 ms, 1.812 ops/sec
DH 2048 key gen              7 ops took 1.037 sec, avg 148.171 ms, 6.749 ops/sec
DH 2048 agree                6 ops took 1.188 sec, avg 198.017 ms, 5.050 ops/sec
ECC 256 key gen              7 ops took 1.070 sec, avg 152.843 ms, 6.543 ops/sec
ECDHE 256 agree              8 ops took 1.228 sec, avg 153.550 ms, 6.513 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 sign               8 ops took 1.272 sec, avg 159.025 ms, 6.288 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 verify             4 ops took 1.249 sec, avg 312.150 ms, 3.204 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 key gen          5 ops took 1.056 sec, avg 211.220 ms, 4.734 ops/sec
CURVE 25519 agree            6 ops took 1.267 sec, avg 211.100 ms, 4.737 ops/sec
ED 25519 key gen           204 ops took 1.003 sec, avg 4.916 ms, 203.410 ops/sec
ED 25519 sign              154 ops took 1.004 sec, avg 6.517 ms, 153.448 ops/sec
ED 25519 verify             66 ops took 1.018 sec, avg 15.418 ms, 64.858 ops/sec

More information on using wolfSSL in combination with Renesas and wolfSSL’s support for Renesas can be found here: https://www.wolfssl.com/docs/renesas/

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These values were collected by running the wolfCrypt benchmark application on an Alpha Project board (AP-RX71M-0A)

wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                775 KB took 1.031 seconds,  751.916 KB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc      2 MB took 1.006 seconds,    1.505 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.010 seconds,    1.450 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc      1 MB took 1.010 seconds,    1.378 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.011 seconds,    1.328 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc      1 MB took 1.019 seconds,    1.270 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.014 seconds,    1.227 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc    675 KB took 1.025 seconds,  658.858 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec    675 KB took 1.026 seconds,  658.087 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc    650 KB took 1.027 seconds,  633.220 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec    650 KB took 1.028 seconds,  632.603 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc    625 KB took 1.025 seconds,  609.697 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec    625 KB took 1.026 seconds,  609.102 KB/s
RABBIT               9 MB took 1.001 seconds,    8.534 MB/s
3DES               475 KB took 1.035 seconds,  458.893 KB/s
MD5                 13 MB took 1.001 seconds,   13.275 MB/s
SHA                  5 MB took 1.002 seconds,    4.778 MB/s
SHA-256              2 MB took 1.006 seconds,    1.650 MB/s
SHA-384            675 KB took 1.034 seconds,  653.057 KB/s
SHA-512            675 KB took 1.034 seconds,  652.994 KB/s
HMAC-MD5            13 MB took 1.001 seconds,   13.142 MB/s
HMAC-SHA             5 MB took 1.004 seconds,    4.768 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256          2 MB took 1.014 seconds,    1.638 MB/s
HMAC-SHA384        650 KB took 1.010 seconds,  643.437 KB/s
HMAC-SHA512        650 KB took 1.011 seconds,  643.182 KB/s
RSA     2048 public         26 ops took 1.067 sec, avg 41.038 ms, 24.367 ops/sec
RSA     2048 private         2 ops took 1.157 sec, avg 578.500 ms, 1.729 ops/sec
DH      2048 key gen         6 ops took 1.049 sec, avg 174.883 ms, 5.718 ops/sec
DH      2048 agree           6 ops took 1.191 sec, avg 198.433 ms, 5.039 ops/sec
ECC      256 key gen         7 ops took 1.162 sec, avg 165.943 ms, 6.026 ops/sec
ECDHE    256 agree           8 ops took 1.323 sec, avg 165.325 ms, 6.049 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 sign            6 ops took 1.044 sec, avg 174.017 ms, 5.747 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 verify          4 ops took 1.281 sec, avg 320.300 ms, 3.122 ops/sec
CURVE  25519 key gen         5 ops took 1.137 sec, avg 227.300 ms, 4.399 ops/sec
CURVE  25519 agree           6 ops took 1.366 sec, avg 227.583 ms, 4.394 ops/sec
ED     25519 key gen       198 ops took 1.003 sec, avg 5.064 ms, 197.467 ops/sec
ED     25519 sign          146 ops took 1.005 sec, avg 6.885 ms, 145.245 ops/sec
ED     25519 verify         62 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 16.147 ms, 61.932 ops/sec

More information on using wolfSSL in combination with Renesas and wolfSSL’s support for Renesas can be found here: https://www.wolfssl.com/docs/renesas/

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Benchmarks using Renesas DK-S7G2 board (ThreadX + NetX) and wolfSSL 4.3.0 :

3X speed up with SHA256 operations, 1.5X speed up with AES, and over 4X speed up of public key operations when SP math was enabled.

Average TLS client connection times on the board with hardware acceleration and SP math :

Software only speeds without SP math library:

AES-128-CBC-enc      2 MB took 1.010 seconds,    1.910 MB/s
SHA-256              4 MB took 1.000 seconds,    3.638 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256          4 MB took 1.010 seconds,    3.626 MB/s
RSA     2048 public         24 ops took 1.080 sec, avg 45.000 ms, 22.222 ops/sec
RSA     2048 private         2 ops took 1.840 sec, avg 920.000 ms, 1.087 ops/sec
ECC      256 key gen         3 ops took 1.170 sec, avg 390.000 ms, 2.564 ops/sec
ECDHE    256 agree           4 ops took 1.560 sec, avg 390.000 ms, 2.564 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 sign            4 ops took 1.570 sec, avg 392.500 ms, 2.548 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 verify          2 ops took 1.560 sec, avg 780.000 ms, 1.282 ops/sec

Hardware acceleration on plus use of SP math enabled:

AES-128-CBC-enc      3 MB took 1.010 seconds,    2.901 MB/s
SHA-256             11 MB took 1.000 seconds,   11.353 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256         11 MB took 1.000 seconds,   11.206 MB/s
RSA     2048 public         94 ops took 1.010 sec, avg 10.745 ms, 93.069 ops/sec
RSA     2048 private         4 ops took 1.530 sec, avg 382.500 ms, 2.614 ops/sec
ECC      256 key gen       129 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 7.752 ms, 129.000 ops/sec
ECDHE    256 agree          32 ops took 1.040 sec, avg 32.500 ms, 30.769 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 sign           90 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 11.111 ms, 90.000 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 verify         26 ops took 1.030 sec, avg 39.615 ms, 25.243 ops/sec

Time for Ed25519 and Curve25519:

CURVE  25519 key gen        36 ops took 1.020 sec, avg 28.333 ms, 35.294 ops/sec
CURVE  25519 agree          36 ops took 1.010 sec, avg 28.056 ms, 35.644 ops/sec
ED     25519 key gen        99 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 10.101 ms, 99.000 ops/sec
ED     25519 sign           82 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 12.195 ms, 82.000 ops/sec
ED     25519 verify         32 ops took 1.010 sec, avg 31.562 ms, 31.683 ops/sec

More information on using wolfSSL in combination with Renesas and wolfSSL’s support for Renesas can be found here: https://www.wolfssl.com/docs/renesas/

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These benchmark values were collected with the fastmath library in use, on an esp32-wroom-32 with CPU speed:240MHz, ESP-IDF version v3.3-beta1-39-g6cb37ecc5(commit hash: 6cb37ecc5), and operating system Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS (Bionic Beaver).Software encryption:

AES-128-CBC-enc      1 MB took 1.001 seconds,    1.146 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.017 seconds,    1.104 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc      1 MB took 1.018 seconds,    1.055 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec      1 MB took 1.006 seconds,    1.019 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc   1000 KB took 1.000 seconds, 1000.000 KB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec    975 KB took 1.007 seconds,  968.222 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc    350 KB took 1.055 seconds,  331.754 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec    350 KB took 1.054 seconds,  332.068 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc    325 KB took 1.013 seconds,  320.829 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec    325 KB took 1.013 seconds,  320.829 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc    325 KB took 1.041 seconds,  312.200 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec    325 KB took 1.041 seconds,  312.200 KB/s
SHA                  6 MB took 1.004 seconds,    5.714 MB/s
SHA-256              2 MB took 1.006 seconds,    1.747 MB/s
SHA-384              1 MB took 1.011 seconds,    1.159 MB/s
SHA-512              1 MB took 1.009 seconds,    1.161 MB/s
HMAC-SHA             6 MB took 1.001 seconds,    5.634 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256          2 MB took 1.000 seconds,    1.733 MB/s
HMAC-SHA384          1 MB took 1.004 seconds,    1.046 MB/s
HMAC-SHA512          1 MB took 1.002 seconds,    1.048 MB/s
RSA     2048 public         16 ops took 1.056 sec, avg 66.000 ms, 15.152 ops/sec
RSA     2048 private         2 ops took 2.488 sec, avg 1244.000 ms, 0.804 ops/sec
ECC      256 key gen         4 ops took 1.101 sec, avg 275.250 ms, 3.633 ops/sec
ECDHE    256 agree           4 ops took 1.098 sec, avg 274.500 ms, 3.643 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 sign            4 ops took 1.111 sec, avg 277.750 ms, 3.600 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 verify          2 ops took 1.099 sec, avg 549.500 ms, 1.820 ops/sec

Hardware encryption

AES-128-CBC-enc      6 MB took 1.004 seconds,    5.958 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec      5 MB took 1.002 seconds,    5.287 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc      6 MB took 1.004 seconds,    5.958 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec      5 MB took 1.002 seconds,    5.287 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc      6 MB took 1.001 seconds,    5.951 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec      5 MB took 1.004 seconds,    5.277 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc    375 KB took 1.067 seconds,  351.453 KB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec    375 KB took 1.067 seconds,  351.453 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc    350 KB took 1.010 seconds,  346.535 KB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec    350 KB took 1.009 seconds,  346.878 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc    350 KB took 1.016 seconds,  344.488 KB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec    350 KB took 1.016 seconds,  344.488 KB/s
SHA                 14 MB took 1.000 seconds,   14.062 MB/s
SHA-256             15 MB took 1.000 seconds,   15.234 MB/s
SHA-384             17 MB took 1.000 seconds,   17.383 MB/s
SHA-512             18 MB took 1.001 seconds,   17.512 MB/s
HMAC-SHA            14 MB took 1.000 seconds,   13.818 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256         15 MB took 1.001 seconds,   14.951 MB/s
HMAC-SHA384         17 MB took 1.001 seconds,   16.683 MB/s
HMAC-SHA512         17 MB took 1.000 seconds,   16.943 MB/s
RSA     2048 public         20 ops took 1.017 sec, avg 50.850 ms, 19.666 ops/sec
RSA     2048 private         4 ops took 1.059 sec, avg 264.750 ms, 3.777 ops/sec
ECC      256 key gen         4 ops took 1.092 sec, avg 273.000 ms, 3.663 ops/sec
ECDHE    256 agree           4 ops took 1.089 sec, avg 272.250 ms, 3.673 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 sign            4 ops took 1.101 sec, avg 275.250 ms, 3.633 ops/sec
ECDSA    256 verify          2 ops took 1.092 sec, avg 546.000 ms, 1.832 ops/sec

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Recent releases of wolfSSL have included new assembly code targeted at the Intel x86_64 platform. Large performance gains have been made, and the first two graphs pertain to performance increases with AES-GCM.In the graphs for these benchmarks, the Y-axis signifies block size, while the X-axis signifies relative speed to the prior version of wolfSSL.

The assembly code for AES-GCM has been rewritten to take best advantage of the AVX1 and AVX2 instructions. The performance of AES-GCM is now as good or better than OpenSSL.

Curve25519 is set of parameters for a Montgomery elliptic curve and has ~128-bit security. It is used in key exchange and has become popular due to its speed and inclusion in standards. The algorithm is included as part of TLS v1.3 and NIST is considering it as part of SP 800-186. Ed25519 is set of parameters for a Twisted Edwards curve and is mathematically related to Curve25519 and has the same security properties. A new signature scheme has been designed over Twisted Edwards curves that is fast and included as part of TLS v1.3. A draft specification has been written describing digital certificates using EdDSA with Ed25519.

RSA is the most commonly used public key algorithm for certificates. When performing a TLS handshake, the server will sign a hash of the messages seen so far and the client will verify the signature of certificates in the certificate chain and verify the hash of messages with the public key in the certificate. Signing and verifying are the most time-consuming operations in a handshake.

DH has been the key exchange algorithm of choice in handshakes but is falling out of favor as the Elliptic Curve variants are considerably faster at the same security level. Performing the key exchange is the second most time-consuming operation in a TLS handshake.

Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is the alternative to finite field (FF) cryptography which has algorithms like RSA, DSA and DH. ECDSA is the elliptic curve variant of RSA and DSA while ECDH is the elliptic curve variant of DH. ECDSA and ECDH can be used anywhere their FF counterparts can be used. ECC requires a pre-defined curve to perform the operations on. The most commonly used curve is P-256 as it has 128-bit strength and is in many standards including TLS, for certificates in IETF, and NIST’s FIPS 186-4. Browsers and web servers are preferring ECDH over DH as it is much faster.

Benchmarks were collected using Apple’s iPhone X, which has their new A11 processor. These benchmarks use ARMv8 crypto extensions and single precision math to demonstrate performance.

For symmetric AES and SHA using our ARMv8 crypto assembly speedups we see

Algorithm	Performance
AES-128 CBC Encrypt	912.347 MB/s (36.58X)
AES-128 CBC Decrypt	6,084.83 MB/s (256.15X)
AES-128 GCM Encrypt	1,242.28 MB/s (193.65X)
AES-128 GCM Decrypt	575.83 MB/s (90.26X)
SHA-256	1,717.28 MB/s (56.11X)

This feature is enabled using `./configure –enable-armasm` or the `WOLFSSL_ARMASM` define.

For asymmetric RSA, DH and ECC using our single precision math speedups we see

Algorithm	Performance
RSA 2048 public	1,211.27 ops/sec (1.50X)
RSA 2048 private	32.59 ops/sec (1.18X)
DH 2048 key gen	77.44 ops/sec (1.24X)
DH 2048 key agree	77.45 ops/sec (1.29X)
ECC 256 key gen	1670.65 ops/sec (8.67X)
ECDHE 256 agree	396.88 ops/sec (2.05X)
ECDSA 256 sign	1,212.33 ops/sec (6.42X)
ECDSA 256 verify	331.02 ops/sec (2.38X)

This feature is enabled using `./configure –enable-sp` or the `WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_RSA`, `WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_DH` and `WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_ECC` defines.

For TLS v1.2 we see the following performance benchmarks by cipher suite

Algorithm	Performance
DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256	CPS 22.5, Read 388 MB/s, Write 106 MB/s
ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256	CPS 26.2, Read 598 MB/s RX, Write 125 MB/s
ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256	CPS 83.4, Read 504.8 MB/s, Write 92.2 MB/s

Benchmarks done on iPhone X using a single thread and our wolfCrypt and wolfSSL benchmark tools.
`X`= performance increase as compared to our default software based implementation.
`CPS` = Connections per second

Reference: wolfCrypt/wolfSSL Benchmarks with iPhone 8/8 Plus/X (A11) blog post

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Crypto Benchmarks:

wolfSSL Software Crypto, Normal Big Integer Math Library

RNG	3 MB took 1.000 seconds	3.149 MB/s
AES-Enc	6 MB took 1.000 seconds	6.494 MB/s
AES-Dec	7 MB took 1.000 seconds	6.519 MB/s
AES-GCM-Enc	3 MB took 1.004 seconds	553 MB/s
AES-GCM-Dec	3 MB took 1.004 seconds	2.553 MB/s
AES-CTR	7 MB took 1.000 seconds	6.543 MB/s
CHACHA	16 MB took 1.000 seconds	15.723 MB/s
CHA-POLY	10 MB took 1.000 seconds	10.474 MB/s
3DES	1 MB took 1.008 seconds	1.405 MB/s
MD5	24 MB took 1.000 seconds	24.243 MB/s
POLY1305	42 MB took 1.000 seconds	41.821 MB/s
SHA	14 MB took 1.000 seconds	14.380 MB/s
SHA-224	8 MB took 1.000 seconds	8.423 MB/s
SHA-256	8 MB took 1.000 seconds	8.423 MB/s
SHA-384	2 MB took 1.000 seconds	2.319 MB/s
SHA-512	2 MB took 1.000 seconds	2.319 MB/s

STM32F7 Hardware Crypto, Normal Big Integer Math Library

RNG	6 MB took 1.000 seconds	6.030 MB/s
AES-Enc	30 MB took 1.000 seconds	30.396 MB/s
AES-Dec	30 MB took 1.000 seconds	30.371 MB/s
AES-GCM-Enc	42 MB took 1.000 seconds	42.261 MB/s
AES-GCM-Dec	33 MB took 1.000 seconds	32.861 MB/s
AES-CTR	48 MB took 1.000 seconds	47.827 MB/s
CHACHA	16 MB took 1.000 seconds	15.747 MB/s
CHA-POLY	11 MB took 1.000 seconds	10.522 MB/s
3DES	13 MB took 1.000 seconds	12.988 MB/s
MD5	41 MB took 1.000 seconds	40.894 MB/s
POLY1305	42 MB took 1.000 seconds	41.846 MB/s
SHA	38 MB took 1.004 seconds	38.202 MB/s
SHA-224	41 MB took 1.000 seconds	41.309 MB/s
SHA-256	39 MB took 1.000 seconds	39.111 MB/s
SHA-384	2 MB took 1.004 seconds	2.310 MB/s
SHA-512	2 MB took 1.004 seconds	2.310 MB/s

Reference:

wolfSSL and STM32F7
STM32F77NI

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Benchmarks on Apple’s new A11 processor in their latest iPhone 8 / 8 Plus and iPhone X. This processor features six ARMv8 CPU cores (2 high-performance 2.53GHz and 4 high-efficiency 1.42GHz). The benchmarks use wolfSSL’s latest speedups for ARMv8 crypto extensions and single precision math to demonstrate our exceptional performance.For symmetric AES and SHA using our ARMv8 crypto assembly speedups we see:

AES-128 CBC Encrypt: 912.347 MB/s (36.58X)
AES-128 CBC Decrypt: 6,084.83 MB/s (256.15X)
AES-128 GCM Encrypt: 1,242.28 MB/s (193.65X)
AES-128 GCM Decrypt: 575.83 MB/s (90.26X)
SHA-256: 1,717.28 MB/s (56.11X)

This feature is enabled using `./configure –enable-armasm` or the `WOLFSSL_ARMASM` define.

For asymmetric RSA, DH and ECC using our single precision math speedups we see:

RSA 2048 public: 1,211.27 ops/sec (1.50X)
RSA 2048 private: 32.59 ops/sec (1.18X)
DH 2048 key gen: 77.44 ops/sec (1.24X)
DH 2048 key agree: 77.45 ops/sec (1.29X)
ECC 256 key gen: 1670.65 ops/sec (8.67X)
ECDHE 256 agree: 396.88 ops/sec (2.05X)
ECDSA 256 sign: 1,212.33 ops/sec (6.42X)
ECDSA 256 verify: 331.02 ops/sec (2.38X)

This feature is enabled using `./configure –enable-sp` or the `WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_RSA`, `WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_DH` and `WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_ECC` defines.

For TLS v1.2 we see the following performance benchmarks by cipher suite:

DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256: CPS 22.5, Read 388 MB/s, Write 106 MB/s
ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256: CPS 26.2, Read 598 MB/s RX, Write 125 MB/s
ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256: CPS 83.4, Read 504.8 MB/s, Write 92.2 MB/s

You can download the raw benchmark numbers here:
https://www.wolfssl.com/files/benchmarks/iOSiPhoneXA11Benchmarks.pdf

Reference
wolfSSL Blog Post

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Benchmarks of wolfCrypt running in an Intel SGX enclave. These benchmarks show that running wolfCrypt cryptography inside SGX has minimal performance impact on cryptography operation.

Non-SGX Benchmarks

SHA-256        0.264s        189.078 MB/s
AES-GCM       3.142s        15.911 MB/s
RSA (2048)    Encrypt       0.238 ms
RSA (2048)    Decrypt       6.239 ms

SGX Benchmarks, Inside the Enclave

SHA-256        0.263s        190.436 MB/s        -0.38% difference
AES-GCM       3.128s        15.985 MB/s         -0.45% difference
RSA (2048)    Encrypt       0.245 ms             2.94% difference
RSA (2048)    Decrypt       6.242 ms              0.05% difference

Reference

Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) SDK

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Crypto Benchmarks:

Benchmarks using wolfSSL’s asynchronous benchmark application running multiple threads with CPU affinity in user space:

RSA 2048 public: 209,909 ops/sec
RSA 2048 private: 41,999 ops/sec
DH 2048 key gen: 112,491 ops/sec
DH 2048 key agree: 95,129 ops/sec
ECDHE 256 agree: 55,117 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 sign: 46,798 ops/sec
ECDSA 256 verify: 28,917 ops/sec
AES-CBC Enc: 2,932 MB/s
AES-CBC Dec: 2,882 MB/s
AES-GCM: 2,903 MB/s
3DES: 1,511 MB/s
MD5: 2,309 MB/s
SHA: 5,068 MB/s
SHA-224: 2,392 MB/s
SHA-256: 1,275 MB/s
SHA-384: 2,020 MB/s
SHA-512: 1,908 MB/s

Reference

wolfSSL Blog Post
Intel QuickAssist

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Below is the complete data from the benchmarks comparing hardware acceleration to normal software crypto:

Algorithm	Software Cryptography	Hardware Cryptography
RNG	16.761 MB/s	82.599 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc	26.491 MB/s	649.179 MB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec	26.915 MB/s	607.407 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc	22.796 MB/s	566.717 MB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec	23.130 MB/s	553.092 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc	20.004 MB/s	504.143 MB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec	20.207 MB/s	491.374 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc	6.224 MB/s	393.407 MB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec	6.226 MB/s	182.279 MB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc	5.895 MB/s	361.801 MB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec	5.895 MB/s	175.676 MB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc	5.609 MB/s	333.911 MB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec	5.610 MB/s	169.085 MB/s
CHACHA	60.510 MB/s	60.017 MB/s
CHA-POLY	41.805 MB/s	41.410 MB/s
MD5	156.310 MB/s	154.421 MB/s
POLY1305	144.464 MB/s	143.058 MB/s
SHA	89.874 MB/s	89.154 MB/s
SHA-256	38.805 MB/s	533.139 MB/s
HMAC-MD5	156.301 MB/s	154.083 MB/s
HMAC-SHA	89.859 MB/s	89.045 MB/s
HMAC-SHA256	38.814 MB/s	532.316 MB/s
RSA, 2048, public	171.995 Ops/s	171.355 Ops/s
RSA, 2048, private	13.716 Ops/s	13.686 Ops/s
DH, 2048, key generation	50.831 Ops/s	50.575 Ops/s
DH, 2048, agree	41.826 Ops/s	41.596 Ops/s

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Crypto Benchmarks:

AVX2: SHA-256 50 megs took 0.320 seconds, 156.118 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 9.75 = 47%
AVX1: SHA-256 50 megs took 0.272 seconds, 184.068 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 11.89 = 39%
Normal: SHA-256 50 megs took 0.376 seconds, 132.985 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 16.46
AVX2: SHA-384 50 megs took 0.226 seconds, 221.318 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 6.88 = 42%
AVX1: SHA-384 50 megs took 0.192 seconds, 260.975 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 8.39 = 9%
Normal: SHA-384 50 megs took 0.209 seconds, 239.743 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 9.13
AVX2: SHA-512 50 megs took 0.224 seconds, 223.120 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 6.82 = 75%
AVX1: SHA-512 50 megs took 0.188 seconds, 266.126 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 8.22 = 50%
Normal: SHA-512 50 megs took 0.281 seconds, 177.997 MB/s
Cycles per byte = 12.29

Reference

wolfSSL Blog Post

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TLS Establishment Times:

Hardware accelerated ATECC508A: 2.342 seconds average
Software only: 13.422 seconds average

The TLS connection establishment time is 5.73 times faster with the ATECC508A.

Software only implementation (SAMD21 48Mhz Cortex-M0, Fast Math TFM-ASM):

ECC 256 key generation 3123.000 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DHE key agreement 3117.000 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DSA sign time 1997.000 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DSA verify time 5057.000 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations

ATECC508A HW accelerated implementation:

ECC 256 key generation 144.400 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DHE key agreement 134.200 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DSA sign time 293.400 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DSA verify time 208.400 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations

For reference the benchmarks for RNG, AES, MD5, SHA and SHA256 are:

RNG 25 kB took 0.784 seconds, 0.031 MB/s (coming from the ATECC508A)
AES 25 kB took 0.177 seconds, 0.138 MB/s
MD5 25 kB took 0.050 seconds, 0.488 MB/s
SHA 25 kB took 0.141 seconds, 0.173 MB/s
SHA-256 25 kB took 0.352 seconds, 0.069 MB/s

Reference

Microchip Hardware-TLS Platform
wolfSSL Microchip ATECC508A Overview and Examples

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Crypto Benchmarks:

Software Crypto: wolfCrypt Benchmark, Normal Big Integer Math Library

AES        1024 kB took 0.822 seconds, 1.22 MB/s
ARC4      1024 KB took 0.219 seconds, 4.57 MB/s
DES    1024 KB took 1.513 seconds, 0.66 MB/s
3DES    1024 KB took 3.986 seconds, 0.25 MB/s

MD5    1024 KB took 0.119 seconds, 8.40 MB/s
SHA    1024 KB took 0.279 seconds, 3.58 MB/s
SHA-256    1024 KB took 0.690 seconds, 1.45 MB/s

RSA 2048 encryption took 111.17 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
RSA 2048 decryption took 1204.77 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 2048 key generation 467.90 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 2048 key agreement 538.94 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations

STM32F2 Hardware Crypto: wolfCrypt Benchmark, Normal Big Integer Math Library

AES 1024 kB took 0.105 seconds, 9.52 MB/s
ARC4    1024 KB took 0.219 seconds, 4.57 MB/s
DES    1024 KB took 0.125 seconds, 8.00 MB/s
3DES    1024 KB took 0.141 seconds, 7.09 MB/s

MD5 1024 KB took 0.045 seconds, 22.22 MB/s
SHA 1024 KB took 0.047 seconds, 21.28 MB/s
SHA-256 1024 KB took 0.690 seconds, 1.45 MB/s

RSA 2048 encryption took 111.09 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
RSA 2048 decryption took 1204.88 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 2048 key generation 467.56 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 2048 key agreement 542.11 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations

Reference

wolfSSL and STM32

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Crypto Benchmarks:

AES      25 kB took 0.038 seconds,   0.642 MB/s
Camellia 25 kB took 0.032 seconds,   0.763 MB/s
ARC4     25 kB took 0.006 seconds,   4.069 MB/s
RABBIT   25 kB took 0.005 seconds,   4.883 MB/s
CHACHA   25 kB took 0.007 seconds,   3.488 MB/s
3DES     25 kB took 0.164 seconds,   0.149 MB/s

MD5      25 kB took 0.003 seconds,   8.138 MB/s
POLY1305 25 kB took 0.004 seconds,   6.104 MB/s
SHA      25 kB took 0.006 seconds,   4.069 MB/s
SHA-256 25 kB took 0.014 seconds,   1.744 MB/s
SHA-512 25 kB took 0.042 seconds,   0.581 MB/s

RSA 2048 encryption took 88.000 milliseconds, avg over 1 iterations
RSA 2048 decryption took 1456.000 milliseconds, avg over 1 iterations
DH 2048 key generation 661.000 milliseconds, avg over 1 iterations
DH 2048 key agreement 665.000 milliseconds, avg over 1 iterations

ECC 256 key generation 130.400 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DHE   key agreement   118.000 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DSA   sign   time     136.800 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations
EC-DSA   verify time     253.800 milliseconds, avg over 5 iterations

Reference

CyaSSL and TI-RTOS

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Crypto Benchmarks:

AES        5120 kB took 9.059 seconds,   0.55 MB/s
ARC4      5120 kB took 2.190 seconds,   2.28 MB/s
DES        5120 kB took 18.453 seconds,   0.27 MB/s

MD5         5120 kB took 1.396 seconds,   3.58 MB/s
SHA         5120 kB took 3.635 seconds,   1.38 MB/s
SHA-256 5120 kB took 9.145 seconds,   0.55 MB/s

RSA 2048 encryption took 73.99 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
RSA 2048 decryption took 1359.09 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 2048 key generation 536.75 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 2048 key agreement 540.99 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations

Build Details

MQX RTOS, using the fastmath library with TFM_TIMING_RESISTANT
FREESCALE_MQX define set in <cyassl_root>/cyassl/ctaocrypt/settings.h
CodeWarrior 10.2 IDE and compiler, optimizing for speed

Reference

Freescale TWR-K70F120M: http://www.freescale.com/webapp/sps/site/prod_summary.jsp?code=TWR-K70F120M

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Crypto Benchmarks:

AES         5 megs took 0.500 seconds,   9.99 MB/s
ARC4       5 megs took 0.174 seconds, 28.66 MB/s
RABBIT    5 megs took 0.126 seconds, 39.56 MB/s
3DES       5 megs took 2.196 seconds,   2.28 MB/s

MD5 5 megs took 0.163 seconds, 30.73 MB/s
SHA 5 megs took 0.137 seconds, 36.61 MB/s
SHA-256 5 megs took 0.309 seconds, 16.20 MB/s

RSA 1024 encryption took   1.12 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
RSA 1024 decryption took 17.81 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 1024 key generation   11.90 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations
DH 1024 key agreement    11.22 milliseconds, avg over 100 iterations

Build Details

Complete build, compiled with fastmath (–enable-fastmath)

Reference

Blog Post: Running CyaSSL on the Apple TV 2

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Post-Quantum: Ubuntu Linux

The following benchmarks were obtained with the following configuration flags:

./configure --with-liboqs \
            --disable-psk \
            --disable-shared \
            --enable-intelasm \
            --enable-aesni \
            --enable-sp \
            --enable-sp-math \
            --enable-sp-math-all \
            --enable-sp-asm \
            CFLAGS="-Os -DECC_USER_CURVES -DHAVE_ECC256 -DHAVE_ECC384"

Benchmarks from wolfCrypt

Note: Only a single core is used.

ECC   SECP256R1 key gen 14989 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.067 ms, 14988.668 ops/sec
ECDHE SECP256R1 agree   23300 ops took 1.004 sec, avg 0.043 ms, 23208.192 ops/sec
ECDSA SECP256R1 sign    58900 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.017 ms, 58897.416 ops/sec
ECDSA SECP256R1 verify  21500 ops took 1.002 sec, avg 0.047 ms, 21458.202 ops/sec
FALCON_level1   sign     5000 ops took 1.008 sec, avg 0.202 ms, 4961.637 ops/sec
FALCON_level1   verify  27400 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.037 ms, 27361.394 ops/sec
FALCON_level5   sign     2600 ops took 1.030 sec, avg 0.396 ms, 2523.187 ops/sec
FALCON_level5   verify  14400 ops took 1.002 sec, avg 0.070 ms, 14376.179 ops/sec
kyber_level1-kg        143608 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.007 ms, 143607.555 ops/sec
kyber_level1-ed         64800 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.015 ms, 64725.835 ops/sec
kyber_level3-kg         89790 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.011 ms, 89789.550 ops/sec
kyber_level3-ed         42200 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.024 ms, 42190.886 ops/sec
kyber_level5-kg         69362 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.014 ms, 69361.587 ops/sec
kyber_level5-ed         31700 ops took 1.003 sec, avg 0.032 ms, 31606.130 ops/sec
kyber90s_level1-kg     173655 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.006 ms, 173654.131 ops/sec
kyber90s_level1-ed      77500 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.013 ms, 77424.888 ops/sec
kyber90s_level3-kg     125138 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.008 ms, 125138.000 ops/sec
kyber90s_level3-ed      55200 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.018 ms, 55153.726 ops/sec
kyber90s_level5-kg      92773 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.011 ms, 92772.359 ops/sec
kyber90s_level5-ed      39300 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.025 ms, 39283.188 ops/sec
saber_level1-kg         86059 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.012 ms, 86058.220 ops/sec
saber_level1-ed         39000 ops took 1.002 sec, avg 0.026 ms, 38918.772 ops/sec
saber_level3-kg         54885 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.018 ms, 54884.621 ops/sec
saber_level3-ed         24600 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.041 ms, 24578.348 ops/sec
saber_level5-kg         37044 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.027 ms, 37043.073 ops/sec
saber_level5-ed         16800 ops took 1.005 sec, avg 0.060 ms, 16711.448 ops/sec
ntruHPS_level1-kg       15230 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.066 ms, 15229.786 ops/sec
ntruHPS_level1-ed       21600 ops took 1.003 sec, avg 0.046 ms, 21525.585 ops/sec
ntruHPS_level3-kg       10423 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.096 ms, 10422.468 ops/sec
ntruHPS_level3-ed       16000 ops took 1.005 sec, avg 0.063 ms, 15915.107 ops/sec
ntruHPS_level5-kg        7792 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.128 ms, 7791.166 ops/sec
ntruHPS_level5-ed       12800 ops took 1.005 sec, avg 0.079 ms, 12732.759 ops/sec
ntruHRSS_level3-kg      14293 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 0.070 ms, 14292.813 ops/sec
ntruHRSS_level3-ed      26200 ops took 1.001 sec, avg 0.038 ms, 26169.901 ops/sec

Note: Only two cores are used for these benchmarks.

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group ECC_SECP256R1:

Total : 209715200 bytes
 Num Conns : 801
 Rx Total : 238.549 ms
 Tx Total : 80.893 ms
 Rx : 419.200 MB/s
 Tx : 1236.204 MB/s
 Connect : 552.092 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.689 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group ECC_SECP256R1:

Total : 209715200 bytes
 Num Conns : 801
 Rx Total : 264.171 ms
 Tx Total : 77.399 ms
 Rx : 378.542 MB/s
 Tx : 1292.002 MB/s
 Connect : 550.630 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.687 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group ECC_SECP384R1:

Total : 164626432 bytes
 Num Conns : 629
 Rx Total : 207.183 ms
 Tx Total : 68.783 ms
 Rx : 378.892 MB/s
 Tx : 1141.270 MB/s
 Connect : 508.584 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.809 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group ECC_SECP384R1:

Total : 164626432 bytes
 Num Conns : 629
 Rx Total : 228.902 ms
 Tx Total : 65.852 ms
 Rx : 342.942 MB/s
 Tx : 1192.073 MB/s
 Connect : 506.299 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.805 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group FFDHE_2048:

Total : 125829120 bytes
 Num Conns : 481
 Rx Total : 158.742 ms
 Tx Total : 53.102 ms
 Rx : 377.971 MB/s
 Tx : 1129.896 MB/s
 Connect : 579.937 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.206 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group FFDHE_2048:

Total : 125829120 bytes
 Num Conns : 481
 Rx Total : 175.313 ms
 Tx Total : 50.565 ms
 Rx : 342.245 MB/s
 Tx : 1186.597 MB/s
 Connect : 582.023 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.210 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HPS_LEVEL1:

Total : 223870976 bytes
 Num Conns : 855
 Rx Total : 206.061 ms
 Tx Total : 73.457 ms
 Rx : 518.050 MB/s
 Tx : 1453.236 MB/s
 Connect : 653.398 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.764 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HPS_LEVEL1:

Total : 223870976 bytes
 Num Conns : 855
 Rx Total : 225.233 ms
 Tx Total : 73.139 ms
 Rx : 473.954 MB/s
 Tx : 1459.555 MB/s
 Connect : 593.594 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.694 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HPS_LEVEL3:

Total : 201326592 bytes
 Num Conns : 769
 Rx Total : 229.987 ms
 Tx Total : 77.896 ms
 Rx : 417.415 MB/s
 Tx : 1232.414 MB/s
 Connect : 626.743 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.815 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HPS_LEVEL3:

Total : 201326592 bytes
 Num Conns : 769
 Rx Total : 255.993 ms
 Tx Total : 73.714 ms
 Rx : 375.010 MB/s
 Tx : 1302.339 MB/s
 Connect : 546.414 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.711 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HPS_LEVEL5:

Total : 184811520 bytes
 Num Conns : 706
 Rx Total : 240.630 ms
 Tx Total : 80.439 ms
 Rx : 366.227 MB/s
 Tx : 1095.556 MB/s
 Connect : 615.752 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.872 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HPS_LEVEL5:

Total : 184811520 bytes
 Num Conns : 706
 Rx Total : 265.831 ms
 Tx Total : 76.551 ms
 Rx : 331.507 MB/s
 Tx : 1151.190 MB/s
 Connect : 518.052 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.734 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HRSS_LEVEL3:

Total : 200015872 bytes
 Num Conns : 764
 Rx Total : 254.178 ms
 Tx Total : 84.765 ms
 Rx : 375.229 MB/s
 Tx : 1125.170 MB/s
 Connect : 593.726 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.777 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group NTRU_HRSS_LEVEL3:

Total : 200015872 bytes
 Num Conns : 764
 Rx Total : 283.824 ms
 Tx Total : 78.988 ms
 Rx : 336.036 MB/s
 Tx : 1207.468 MB/s
 Connect : 534.100 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.699 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group SABER_LEVEL1:

Total : 231997440 bytes
 Num Conns : 886
 Rx Total : 238.008 ms
 Tx Total : 83.135 ms
 Rx : 464.794 MB/s
 Tx : 1330.669 MB/s
 Connect : 606.426 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.684 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group SABER_LEVEL1:

Total : 231997440 bytes
 Num Conns : 886
 Rx Total : 260.860 ms
 Tx Total : 81.655 ms
 Rx : 424.078 MB/s
 Tx : 1354.781 MB/s
 Connect : 595.205 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.672 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group SABER_LEVEL3:

Total : 208666624 bytes
 Num Conns : 797
 Rx Total : 261.907 ms
 Tx Total : 89.980 ms
 Rx : 379.906 MB/s
 Tx : 1105.803 MB/s
 Connect : 575.366 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.722 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group SABER_LEVEL3:

Total : 208666624 bytes
 Num Conns : 797
 Rx Total : 293.557 ms
 Tx Total : 82.148 ms
 Rx : 338.946 MB/s
 Tx : 1211.234 MB/s
 Connect : 562.923 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.706 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group SABER_LEVEL5:

Total : 202637312 bytes
 Num Conns : 774
 Rx Total : 261.647 ms
 Tx Total : 86.347 ms
 Rx : 369.296 MB/s
 Tx : 1119.027 MB/s
 Connect : 578.236 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.747 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group SABER_LEVEL5:

Total : 202637312 bytes
 Num Conns : 774
 Rx Total : 291.510 ms
 Tx Total : 80.714 ms
 Rx : 331.463 MB/s
 Tx : 1197.121 MB/s
 Connect : 562.333 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.727 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_LEVEL1:

Total : 225968128 bytes
 Num Conns : 863
 Rx Total : 258.872 ms
 Tx Total : 87.586 ms
 Rx : 416.229 MB/s
 Tx : 1230.220 MB/s
 Connect : 580.184 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.672 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_LEVEL1:

Total : 225968128 bytes
 Num Conns : 863
 Rx Total : 285.086 ms
 Tx Total : 84.362 ms
 Rx : 377.956 MB/s
 Tx : 1277.233 MB/s
 Connect : 574.039 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.665 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_LEVEL3:

Total : 214171648 bytes
 Num Conns : 818
 Rx Total : 241.450 ms
 Tx Total : 80.798 ms
 Rx : 422.965 MB/s
 Tx : 1263.960 MB/s
 Connect : 603.945 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.738 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_LEVEL3:

Total : 214171648 bytes
 Num Conns : 818
 Rx Total : 263.357 ms
 Tx Total : 81.142 ms
 Rx : 387.781 MB/s
 Tx : 1258.593 MB/s
 Connect : 596.085 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.729 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_LEVEL5:

Total : 206307328 bytes
 Num Conns : 788
 Rx Total : 249.636 ms
 Tx Total : 84.465 ms
 Rx : 394.073 MB/s
 Tx : 1164.683 MB/s
 Connect : 589.028 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.747 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_LEVEL5:

Total : 206307328 bytes
 Num Conns : 788
 Rx Total : 276.059 ms
 Tx Total : 81.856 ms
 Rx : 356.355 MB/s
 Tx : 1201.798 MB/s
 Connect : 580.463 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.737 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_90S_LEVEL1:

Total : 226754560 bytes
 Num Conns : 866
 Rx Total : 249.504 ms
 Tx Total : 86.285 ms
 Rx : 433.360 MB/s
 Tx : 1253.120 MB/s
 Connect : 590.655 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.682 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_90S_LEVEL1:

Total : 226754560 bytes
 Num Conns : 866
 Rx Total : 274.258 ms
 Tx Total : 83.674 ms
 Rx : 394.246 MB/s
 Tx : 1292.214 MB/s
 Connect : 585.395 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.676 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_90S_LEVEL3:

Total : 208666624 bytes
 Num Conns : 797
 Rx Total : 253.840 ms
 Tx Total : 86.227 ms
 Rx : 391.979 MB/s
 Tx : 1153.925 MB/s
 Connect : 584.268 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.733 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_90S_LEVEL3:

Total : 208666624 bytes
 Num Conns : 797
 Rx Total : 279.104 ms
 Tx Total : 83.607 ms
 Rx : 356.499 MB/s
 Tx : 1190.096 MB/s
 Connect : 580.950 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.729 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_90S_LEVEL5:

Total : 205783040 bytes
 Num Conns : 786
 Rx Total : 255.324 ms
 Tx Total : 85.233 ms
 Rx : 384.316 MB/s
 Tx : 1151.260 MB/s
 Connect : 583.899 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.743 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group KYBER_90S_LEVEL5:

Total : 205783040 bytes
 Num Conns : 786
 Rx Total : 281.997 ms
 Tx Total : 82.461 ms
 Rx : 347.964 MB/s
 Tx : 1189.958 MB/s
 Connect : 579.312 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.737 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_NTRU_HPS_LEVEL1:

Total : 177209344 bytes
 Num Conns : 677
 Rx Total : 196.108 ms
 Tx Total : 66.449 ms
 Rx : 430.884 MB/s
 Tx : 1271.653 MB/s
 Connect : 676.839 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.000 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_NTRU_HPS_LEVEL1:

Total : 177209344 bytes
 Num Conns : 677
 Rx Total : 214.290 ms
 Tx Total : 65.610 ms
 Rx : 394.325 MB/s
 Tx : 1287.919 MB/s
 Connect : 573.611 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.847 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_NTRU_HPS_LEVEL3:

Total : 123731968 bytes
 Num Conns : 473
 Rx Total : 154.804 ms
 Tx Total : 52.294 ms
 Rx : 381.126 MB/s
 Tx : 1128.231 MB/s
 Connect : 748.152 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.582 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_NTRU_HPS_LEVEL3:

Total : 123731968 bytes
 Num Conns : 473
 Rx Total : 171.147 ms
 Tx Total : 49.521 ms
 Rx : 344.733 MB/s
 Tx : 1191.409 MB/s
 Connect : 566.689 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.198 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_NTRU_HRSS_LEVEL3:

Total : 129499136 bytes
 Num Conns : 495
 Rx Total : 148.598 ms
 Tx Total : 50.665 ms
 Rx : 415.550 MB/s
 Tx : 1218.781 MB/s
 Connect : 754.638 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.525 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_NTRU_HRSS_LEVEL3:

Total : 129499136 bytes
 Num Conns : 495
 Rx Total : 163.812 ms
 Tx Total : 49.151 ms
 Rx : 376.956 MB/s
 Tx : 1256.340 MB/s
 Connect : 582.980 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.178 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_SABER_LEVEL1:

Total : 187170816 bytes
 Num Conns : 715
 Rx Total : 209.798 ms
 Tx Total : 72.956 ms
 Rx : 425.409 MB/s
 Tx : 1223.339 MB/s
 Connect : 653.239 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.914 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_SABER_LEVEL1:

Total : 187170816 bytes
 Num Conns : 715
 Rx Total : 230.841 ms
 Tx Total : 70.056 ms
 Rx : 386.629 MB/s
 Tx : 1273.977 MB/s
 Connect : 589.748 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.825 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_SABER_LEVEL3:

Total : 140509184 bytes
 Num Conns : 537
 Rx Total : 136.204 ms
 Tx Total : 49.031 ms
 Rx : 491.907 MB/s
 Tx : 1366.489 MB/s
 Connect : 768.874 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.432 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_SABER_LEVEL3:

Total : 140509184 bytes
 Num Conns : 537
 Rx Total : 149.070 ms
 Tx Total : 48.039 ms
 Rx : 449.453 MB/s
 Tx : 1394.687 MB/s
 Connect : 625.833 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.165 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_KYBER_LEVEL1:

Total : 182190080 bytes
 Num Conns : 696
 Rx Total : 219.789 ms
 Tx Total : 75.536 ms
 Rx : 395.266 MB/s
 Tx : 1150.114 MB/s
 Connect : 641.859 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.922 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_KYBER_LEVEL1:

Total : 182190080 bytes
 Num Conns : 696
 Rx Total : 241.393 ms
 Tx Total : 72.367 ms
 Rx : 359.890 MB/s
 Tx : 1200.483 MB/s
 Connect : 581.373 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.835 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_KYBER_LEVEL3:

Total : 133431296 bytes
 Num Conns : 510
 Rx Total : 152.666 ms
 Tx Total : 53.693 ms
 Rx : 416.760 MB/s
 Tx : 1184.982 MB/s
 Connect : 743.577 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.458 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_KYBER_LEVEL3:

Total : 133431296 bytes
 Num Conns : 510
 Rx Total : 169.131 ms
 Tx Total : 50.632 ms
 Rx : 376.188 MB/s
 Tx : 1256.605 MB/s
 Connect : 611.105 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.198 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_KYBER_90S_LEVEL1:

Total : 191102976 bytes
 Num Conns : 730
 Rx Total : 211.835 ms
 Tx Total : 72.819 ms
 Rx : 430.170 MB/s
 Tx : 1251.386 MB/s
 Connect : 651.010 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.892 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P256_KYBER_90S_LEVEL1:

Total : 191102976 bytes
 Num Conns : 730
 Rx Total : 233.104 ms
 Tx Total : 70.994 ms
 Rx : 390.919 MB/s
 Tx : 1283.561 MB/s
 Connect : 589.063 ms
 Connect Avg : 0.807 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_KYBER_90S_LEVEL3:

Total : 136052736 bytes
 Num Conns : 520
 Rx Total : 168.780 ms
 Tx Total : 57.603 ms
 Rx : 384.376 MB/s
 Tx : 1126.236 MB/s
 Connect : 723.880 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.392 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P384_KYBER_90S_LEVEL3:

Total : 136052736 bytes
 Num Conns : 520
 Rx Total : 189.078 ms
 Tx Total : 52.841 ms
 Rx : 343.112 MB/s
 Tx : 1227.747 MB/s
 Connect : 594.282 ms
 Connect Avg : 1.143 ms

The following benchmarks were obtained with the following configuration flags:

./configure --with-liboqs \
            --disable-psk \
            --disable-shared \
            --enable-intelasm \
            --enable-aesni \
            --enable-sp \
            --enable-sp-math-all \
            CFLAGS="-Os -DECC_USER_CURVES -DHAVE_ECC521"

Note: Only two cores are used for these benchmarks.

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group ECC_SECP521R1:

Total : 22806528 bytes
 Num Conns : 88
 Rx Total : 29.526 ms
 Tx Total : 9.423 ms
 Rx : 368.325 MB/s
 Tx : 1154.060 MB/s
 Connect : 447.201 ms
 Connect Avg : 5.082 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group ECC_SECP521R1:

Total : 22806528 bytes
 Num Conns : 88
 Rx Total : 32.363 ms
 Tx Total : 9.206 ms
 Rx : 336.028 MB/s
 Tx : 1181.257 MB/s
 Connect : 442.915 ms
 Connect Avg : 5.033 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_NTRU_HPS_LEVEL5:

Total : 13631488 bytes
 Num Conns : 53
 Rx Total : 23.578 ms
 Tx Total : 6.093 ms
 Rx : 275.676 MB/s
 Tx : 1066.835 MB/s
 Connect : 977.259 ms
 Connect Avg : 18.439 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_NTRU_HPS_LEVEL5:

Total : 13631488 bytes
 Num Conns : 53
 Rx Total : 26.030 ms
 Tx Total : 5.735 ms
 Rx : 249.711 MB/s
 Tx : 1133.407 MB/s
 Connect : 651.191 ms
 Connect Avg : 12.287 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_SABER_LEVEL5:

Total : 13107200 bytes
 Num Conns : 51
 Rx Total : 17.298 ms
 Tx Total : 5.341 ms
 Rx : 361.309 MB/s
 Tx : 1170.286 MB/s
 Connect : 977.262 ms
 Connect Avg : 19.162 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_SABER_LEVEL5:

Total : 13107200 bytes
 Num Conns : 51
 Rx Total : 19.302 ms
 Tx Total : 5.038 ms
 Rx : 323.794 MB/s
 Tx : 1240.683 MB/s
 Connect : 662.081 ms
 Connect Avg : 12.982 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_KYBER_LEVEL5:

Total : 10747904 bytes
 Num Conns : 42
 Rx Total : 8.199 ms
 Tx Total : 30.942 ms
 Rx : 625.096 MB/s
 Tx : 165.633 MB/s
 Connect : 958.292 ms
 Connect Avg : 22.816 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_KYBER_LEVEL5:

Total : 10747904 bytes
 Num Conns : 42
 Rx Total : 9.919 ms
 Tx Total : 3.685 ms
 Rx : 516.689 MB/s
 Tx : 1390.684 MB/s
 Connect : 679.437 ms
 Connect Avg : 16.177 ms

wolfSSL Server Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_KYBER_90S_LEVEL5:

Total : 13107200 bytes
 Num Conns : 51
 Rx Total : 19.132 ms
 Tx Total : 6.887 ms
 Rx : 326.680 MB/s
 Tx : 907.481 MB/s
 Connect : 976.107 ms
 Connect Avg : 19.139 ms

wolfSSL Client Benchmark on TLS13-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with group P521_KYBER_90S_LEVEL5:

Total : 13107200 bytes
 Num Conns : 51
 Rx Total : 23.578 ms
 Tx Total : 5.039 ms
 Rx : 265.078 MB/s
 Tx : 1240.273 MB/s
 Connect : 673.107 ms
 Connect Avg : 13.198 ms

Post-Quantum Kyber KEM Level 1 PQM4 Integration on STM32F446ZE (Arm Cortex-M4)

Platform:

STM32 Nucleo-144 development board with STM32F446ZE MCU (Arm Cortex-M4)

Benchmark:

Notes:

– No hardware-accelerated cryptography modules
– Only 1 core used
– wolfSSL Math Configuration set to Single Precision ASM Cortex-M3+ Math
– Optimization flag: -Ofast
– Conventional algorithms are present for comparison purposes

RSA                2048 public      82 ops took 1.020 sec, avg 12.439 ms,   80.392 ops/sec
RSA                2048 private      4 ops took 1.827 sec, avg 456.750 ms,   2.189 ops/sec
DH                 2048 key gen      5 ops took 1.185 sec, avg 237.000 ms,   4.219 ops/sec
DH                 2048 agree        6 ops took 1.419 sec, avg 236.500 ms,   4.228 ops/sec
ECC [ SECP256R1]    256 key gen    118 ops took 1.016 sec, avg 8.610 ms,   116.142 ops/sec
ECDHE [ SECP256R1]  256 agree       56 ops took 1.016 sec, avg 18.143 ms,   55.118 ops/sec
ECDSA [ SECP256R1]  256 sign        80 ops took 1.016 sec, avg 12.700 ms,   78.740 ops/sec
ECDSA [ SECP256R1]  256 verify      40 ops took 1.024 sec, avg 25.600 ms,   39.063 ops/sec
kyber_level1-kg                    219 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 4.566 ms,   219.000 ops/sec
kyber_level1-ed                     96 ops took 1.012 sec, avg 10.542 ms,   94.862 ops/sec

Platform:

Raspberry Pi Pico-W
ARM Cortext M0+, 125MHz

Benchmark:

wolfSSL/wolfCrypt v5.6.3

Configuration Options

– SP Math:

Enable:  WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_RSA, WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_DH, WOLFSSL_HAVE_SP_ECC, WOLFSSL_SP_ARM_THUMB_ASM
Disable: WOLFSSL_SP_SMALL, WOLFSSL_SP_ASM

– AES-GCM:

Enable:   GCM_TABLE_4BIT
Disable:  GCM_SMALL

```
wolfCrypt Benchmark (block bytes 1024, min 1.0 sec each)
RNG                        475 KiB took 1.048 seconds,  453.220 KiB/s
AES-128-CBC-enc            850 KiB took 1.027 seconds,  827.711 KiB/s
AES-128-CBC-dec            825 KiB took 1.014 seconds,  813.327 KiB/s
AES-192-CBC-enc            725 KiB took 1.002 seconds,  723.594 KiB/s
AES-192-CBC-dec            700 KiB took 1.017 seconds,  688.524 KiB/s
AES-256-CBC-enc            650 KiB took 1.005 seconds,  647.072 KiB/s
AES-256-CBC-dec            625 KiB took 1.023 seconds,  610.908 KiB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc            375 KiB took 1.008 seconds,  372.077 KiB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec            375 KiB took 1.048 seconds,  357.974 KiB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc            350 KiB took 1.031 seconds,  339.515 KiB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec            325 KiB took 1.015 seconds,  320.354 KiB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc            325 KiB took 1.035 seconds,  313.895 KiB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec            325 KiB took 1.083 seconds,  300.044 KiB/s
AES-128-GCM-enc-no_AAD     400 KiB took 1.020 seconds,  392.229 KiB/s
AES-128-GCM-dec-no_AAD     400 KiB took 1.063 seconds,  376.324 KiB/s
AES-192-GCM-enc-no_AAD     375 KiB took 1.053 seconds,  356.052 KiB/s
AES-192-GCM-dec-no_AAD     350 KiB took 1.044 seconds,  335.173 KiB/s
AES-256-GCM-enc-no_AAD     350 KiB took 1.067 seconds,  327.915 KiB/s
AES-256-GCM-dec-no_AAD     325 KiB took 1.038 seconds,  312.985 KiB/s
GMAC Table 4-bit             1 MiB took 1.001 seconds,    1.173 MiB/s
CHACHA                       3 MiB took 1.008 seconds,    2.615 MiB/s
CHA-POLY                   975 KiB took 1.001 seconds,  974.262 KiB/s
POLY1305                     2 MiB took 1.006 seconds,    1.625 MiB/s
SHA                          2 MiB took 1.004 seconds,    2.456 MiB/s
SHA-256                      1 MiB took 1.000 seconds,    1.025 MiB/s
SHA-384                    550 KiB took 1.032 seconds,  532.885 KiB/s
SHA-512                    525 KiB took 1.029 seconds,  510.002 KiB/s
SHA-512/224                525 KiB took 1.009 seconds,  520.350 KiB/s
SHA-512/256                525 KiB took 1.010 seconds,  519.658 KiB/s
SHA3-224                   575 KiB took 1.002 seconds,  573.882 KiB/s
SHA3-256                   550 KiB took 1.016 seconds,  541.124 KiB/s
SHA3-384                   425 KiB took 1.021 seconds,  416.388 KiB/s
SHA3-512                   300 KiB took 1.032 seconds,  290.658 KiB/s
SHAKE128                   675 KiB took 1.015 seconds,  665.093 KiB/s
SHAKE256                   550 KiB took 1.016 seconds,  541.122 KiB/s
HMAC-SHA                     2 MiB took 1.005 seconds,    2.429 MiB/s
HMAC-SHA256                  1 MiB took 1.008 seconds,    1.017 MiB/s
HMAC-SHA384                525 KiB took 1.003 seconds,  523.222 KiB/s
HMAC-SHA512                500 KiB took 1.008 seconds,  495.957 KiB/s
RSA     2048   public        30 ops took 1.000 sec, avg 33.335 ms, 29.998 ops/sec
RSA     2048  private         2 ops took 2.555 sec, avg 1277.379 ms, 0.783 ops/sec
DH      2048  key gen         2 ops took 1.117 sec, avg 558.654 ms, 1.790 ops/sec
DH      2048    agree         2 ops took 1.116 sec, avg 557.958 ms, 1.792 ops/sec
ECC   [      SECP256R1]   256  key gen        18 ops took 1.012 sec, avg 56.241 ms, 17.781 ops/sec
ECDHE [      SECP256R1]   256    agree        10 ops took 1.058 sec, avg 105.786 ms, 9.453 ops/sec
ECDSA [      SECP256R1]   256     sign        16 ops took 1.132 sec, avg 70.740 ms, 14.136 ops/sec
ECDSA [      SECP256R1]   256   verify        10 ops took 1.171 sec, avg 117.119 ms, 8.538 ops/sec
CURVE  25519  key gen        12 ops took 1.020 sec, avg 85.014 ms, 11.763 ops/sec
CURVE  25519    agree        12 ops took 1.014 sec, avg 84.486 ms, 11.836 ops/sec
ED     25519  key gen        26 ops took 1.011 sec, avg 38.891 ms, 25.713 ops/sec
ED     25519     sign        24 ops took 1.041 sec, avg 43.392 ms, 23.046 ops/sec
ED     25519   verify        10 ops took 1.062 sec, avg 106.162 ms, 9.420 ops/sec
CURVE    448  key gen         4 ops took 1.226 sec, avg 306.396 ms, 3.264 ops/sec
CURVE    448    agree         4 ops took 1.219 sec, avg 304.700 ms, 3.282 ops/sec
ED       448  key gen         7 ops took 1.105 sec, avg 157.866 ms, 6.334 ops/sec
ED       448     sign         8 ops took 1.305 sec, avg 163.081 ms, 6.132 ops/sec
ED       448   verify         4 ops took 1.525 sec, avg 381.261 ms, 2.623 ops/sec
```

The processors native register size (32 vs 64-bit) can make a big difference when doing 1000+ bit public key operations.
fastmath (–enable-fastmath) reduces dynamic memory usage and speeds up public key operations. If you are having trouble building on a 32-bit platform with fastmath, disable shared libraries so that PIC isn’t hogging a register (also see notes in the README):

./configure –enable-fastmath –disable-shared
make clean
make

*NOTE: doing a “make clean” is good practice with wolfSSL when switching configure options
By default, fastmath tries to use assembly optimizations if possible. If assembly optimizations don’t work, you can still use fastmath without them by adding TFM_NO_ASM to CFLAGS when building wolfSSL:

./configure –enable-fastmath CFLAGS=-DTFM_NO_ASM
Using fasthugemath can try to push fastmath even more for users who are not running on embedded platforms:

./configure –enable-fasthugemath
With the default wolfSSL build, we have tried to find a good balance between memory usage and performance. If you are more concerned about one of the two, please see Chapter 2 of the wolfSSL manual for additional wolfSSL configuration options.
Bulk Transfers: wolfSSL by default uses 128 byte I/O buffers since about 80% of SSL traffic falls within this size and to limit dynamic memory use. It can be configured to use 16K buffers (the maximum SSL size) if bulk transfers are required.

	Software Crypto	Hardware Crypto
AES-CBC	0.26 Mb/s	5.78 Mb/s
AES-CTR	0.69 Mb/s	5.67 Mb/s
3DES	6.19 Mb/s	6.19 Mb/s
MD5	6.22 Mb/s	16.84 Mb/s
SHA-1	3.46 Mb/s	16.65 Mb/s
SHA-256	1.678 Mb/s	15.84 Mb/s

Reference benchmarks

wolfCrypt Benchmark Application

Running the benchmark

Memory Usage

Reference Benchmarks

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Relative Cipher Performance

Post-Quantum: Ubuntu Linux

Post-Quantum Kyber KEM Level 1 PQM4 Integration on STM32F446ZE (Arm Cortex-M4)

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Benchmarking Notes

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